Atrophy of thyroid mayo clinic

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1. Classification of antibacterial drugs 1.1 Classification according to the antibacterial spectrum and application of drugs 1. The main antibacterial drugs against Gram-positive bacteria include: penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, bacitracin wait. 2. The main antibacterial drugs against Gram-negative bacteria include: aminoglycosides and polymyxins. 3. Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs include: fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, amide alcohols, etc. 4. Antifungal and antibacterial drugs include: amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, etc. 5. Antiparasitic antibacterial drugs include: ivermectin, abamectin, monensin, salinomycin, maduramycin, etc. 1.2. Classification according to chemical structure 1. β-lactam penicillins: fungicides during breeding season, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, piperacillin sodium, dicloxacillin, etc. Cephalosporins: ceftaxime, cefadroxil, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone sodium, cephalexin, ceftiofur, etc. 2. Aminoglycosides streptomycin sulfate, apramycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, amikacin (amikacin sulfate), neomycin sulfate, spectinomycin sulfate, etc. 3. Tetracyclines Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Doxycycline, Metacycline, Minocycline, etc. 4. Amino alcohols such as thiamphenicol, florfenicol, etc. 5. Macrolide erythromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin thiocyanate, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin, tilmicosin, tediroxin, gamimycin, etc. 6. Lincomycin, a lincosamide. 7. Polypeptide bacitracin, colistin, antibacterial peptides, etc. 8. Polyene nystatin, amphotericin B, etc. 9. Phosphorus-containing polysaccharides such as flavomycin, carbamycin, and erythromycin are mainly used as feed additives. 10. Polyether ion monensin, salinomycin, etc. 1.3. Synthetic antibacterial drugs 1, sulfasulfadiazine , sulfamethoxazole, sulfamidine, sulfamethoxine sodium, sulfaquinazoline, sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfadimethoxine sodium, sulfamethoxine Sodium etc. Highly sensitive to Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Salmonella, Corynebacterium pyogenes, etc.; completely ineffective against Spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rickettsia, viruses, etc. 2. Antibacterial synergist TMD, DVD, etc. 3. Furans such as furazolidone. 4. Quinolones Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Dafloxacin, etc. 5. Other compound antibacterial drugs carbadox, isoniazid, berberine, etc. 6. Metronidazole , metronidazole, dimeridazole, etc. 7. Antiviral drugs interferon, transfer factor, astragalus polysaccharide, etc. 2. Incompatibility 1. Penicillins such as ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin, and penicillin G potassium [increased efficacy of compatibility] streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin, quinolones; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] tilmicosin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol; [compatibility failure] aminophylline, sulfonamides, VC-polyphosphate, roxithromycin. 2. Tetracyclines Tetracycline , doxycycline, doxycycline, chlortetracycline [compatibility enhancement] tylosin, tiamulin, TMP; [compatibility failure] aminophylline. 3. Cephradine, cephalexin , cephalexin, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, cephalosporins, and cephalosporins [increased efficacy of compatibility] neomycin, gentamicin, quinolones, colistin sulfate; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] aminophylline, VC, sulfonamides, roxigenin Erythromycin, doxycycline, florfenicol; [increased compatibility with nephrotoxicity] cephalosporin II, diuretics. 4. Macrolides roxithromycin, erythromycin thiocyanate, and tilmicosin [increased efficacy of compatibility] gentamicin, neomycin, florfenicol; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] Lincomycin [compatibility failure] sodium chloride , calcium chloride; [increased compatibility toxicity] kanamycin, sulfonamides, aminophylline. 5. Aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin sulfate, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin [enhanced efficacy of compatibility] ampicillin sodium, cephradine, cephalexin, doxycycline, TMP; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] VC, Florfenicol. 6. Polymyxins [increased compatibility efficacy] doxycycline, florfenicol, cephalexin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, quinolones; [increased compatibility toxicity] atropine, cephalosporin, Mycin, Gentamicin. 7. Quinolones ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin [compatibility enhancement] cephalosporins, ampicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides; 【Compatibility reduces curative effect】tetracycline, doxycycline, florfenicol, furans, roxithromycin. 8. Sulfonamides [Increased compatibility efficacy] TMP, neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium; [ enhanced compatibility toxicity] florfenicol, roxithromycin. 9. Amino alcohols thiamphenicol and florfenicol [increased compatibility efficacy] neomycin, doxycycline, colistin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium; [increased compatibility toxicity] card Namycin, quinolones, sulfonamides, furans, streptomycin. The vitamin folic acid, B12, can affect red blood cell production. 10. Aminophylline [reduced efficacy of compatibility] quinolones; [ineffectiveness of compatibility] VC, doxycycline, epinephrine. 11. Lincomycin [compatibility enhancement] metronidazole; [compatibility decrease efficacy] roxithromycin, tilmicosin; [compatibility failure] sulfonamides, aminophylline. 12. Sulfonamides [increased compatibility efficacy] TMP, neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium. 3. Precautions and principles of veterinary drug use Safe, correct and rational use of veterinary drugs to effectively prevent and treat livestock and poultry diseases is the basic common sense that every breeder should master. 3.1. Diagnosis Correct diagnosis of epidemic disease is the premise of correct treatment, and the effect of treatment is the verification of diagnosis. Only by correct diagnosis and prescribing the right medicine reasonably can a satisfactory curative effect be obtained. For diseases of unknown cause, drug abuse is strictly prohibited. 3.2. Course of treatment and administration time The use of drugs must have a sufficient course of treatment. The length of the course of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, because the growth and reproduction of pathogens have a certain process. If the curative effect is too short, some pathogens can only be temporarily suppressed and cannot be eliminated. Once the drug is stopped, The suppressed bacteria will re-grow, multiply, and more serious symptoms will appear. In general, the drug can be stopped after the symptoms disappear, but when antibiotics are used to treat certain infectious diseases, in order to consolidate the therapeutic effect, it is necessary to continue to use the drug for a period of time after the symptoms disappear. Some chronic diseases require long-term medication. In order to reduce adverse reactions, medication should be prescribed according to the course of treatment. In addition, the application of some drugs at the right time can improve their drug efficacy. As for the administration time, it needs to be considered from the aspects of drug properties, absorption, drug stimulation to the stomach, animal tolerance and the time when the drug effect occurs. consider. 3.3. Dosage of the drug Usually, the drug is absorbed by the body and can only play a role in treating diseases when it reaches an effective concentration. If the dosage of the drug is too small, the effective concentration cannot be reached, the disease cannot be effectively controlled, and drug resistance is likely to occur; if the dosage is too large, after exceeding a certain concentration, the curative effect cannot be increased, resulting in waste of drugs and toxicity to the body. Therefore, the frequency, dose and course of treatment should be reasonably arranged according to the duration of the effective concentration in the blood. In addition, some drugs have different dosages and different pharmacological effects, and the dosage of the drugs should be reasonably controlled according to the specific situation. 3.4. Drug interactions In clinical practice, two or more drugs are often used in combination, with the purpose of improving efficacy, reducing or avoiding toxic reactions, and preventing and delaying the emergence of drug-resistant strains. When using veterinary drugs, the synergistic effect of the drugs should be fully utilized, and incompatibility should be paid attention to. For example, aminoglycoside drugs should not be compatible with erythromycin and other drugs, nor should they be compatible with muscle relaxants to prevent toxicity enhancement. 3.5. Drug resistance and allergic reactions Drug resistance refers to the development of drug resistance by pathogens, and the second refers to the development of drug resistance in animal organisms. After continuous and repeated administration of certain drugs, the response of pathogens and animal organisms to the drugs decreases, resulting in drug resistance. This requires timely replacement of drugs according to the progress of the animal's disease. An allergic reaction is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs in an individual animal after the application of a certain drug. Therefore, care should be taken when using veterinary drugs. 3.6. The species, age, gender and individual differences of animals Because the species, age, sex and body weight of the sick animals are different, even to the same drug, their sensitivity and therapeutic effect are also different, and the reaction is not obvious. Therefore, special attention should be paid when using veterinary drugs, and the specific situation should be treated on a case-by-case basis. 3.7. Pathological conditions and functional conditions of animals The pathological conditions and functional conditions of animals are different, and the responses to drugs are also different. Generally, the effect of drug treatment is more obvious under pathological conditions. 3.8. Comprehensive prevention and control measures Acute and chronic diseases in animals are often accompanied by dysfunction of multiple organs and systems throughout the body. In the course of clinical treatment, adhere to the method of combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine, while applying antibiotics, pay attention to strengthening the regulation of electrolytes and body pH balance. In the process of preventing and treating diseases in animals, it is required to be familiar with the pharmacology, toxicology, medicinal properties, indications, usage, dosage, and matters that should be paid attention to in use of various drugs. When selecting veterinary drugs, the principles of broad-spectrum efficiency, safety, convenience, economy and applicability, and harmlessness to humans should be followed.

https://www.arshinepharma.com/?info/Classification-and-usage-skills-of-antibiotics.html

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In the production practice of livestock and poultry breeding, almost 100% of some relatively serious infectious diseases or relatively serious secondary infectious diseases have different degrees of bacterial factors involved in the pathogenesis. However, due to the widespread abuse of antibacterial drugs in the past, it has also brought serious bacterial resistance problems to the aquaculture industry, so many antibacterial drugs are used according to the dosage specified decades ago. Basically, it can't reflect its due therapeutic effect. Here is an antibacterial drug that was once used very widely. For example, "amoxicillin" is the most common in veterinary clinics. It is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug that is well absorbed orally. In the body, it exerts a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. The principle is to make sensitive bacteria quickly become spheroids, burst and dissolve, so that it has a strong and rapid killing effect on Gram-negative bacteria and positive bacteria. It also has a significant and rapid killing effect on the spirochetes that cause digestive system diseases in livestock and poultry. Amoxicillin is relatively stable to gastric acid when taken orally, and is absorbed quickly in the body and acts quickly. Its effect on sensitive bacteria can prevent it from reproducing, and its bactericidal effect is better than that of ampicillin. Amoxicillin is well absorbed, which is also the pharmacological basis for its suitability for large-scale breeding groups drinking water administration; about 1 hour after taking it, the peak blood concentration can be reached, which is 2.5 times that of the corresponding dose of ampicillin taken orally under the same conditions. This is why amoxicillin acts so quickly. Food can affect how quickly a drug is absorbed, but not how well it is absorbed. Therefore, when amoxicillin is given clinically for the treatment of systemic infectious diseases, it is best to control feeding and concentrate administration on an empty stomach. However, when it is used to treat infectious diseases of the digestive system of the gastrointestinal tract, the above usage is wrong. At this time, it needs to be administered together with food or after feeding, and the administration time needs to be extended, and the administration cannot be concentrated. Otherwise, the clinical therapeutic effect is not very good or almost no effect can be seen. The fundamental reason is that the drug has been absorbed into the body, and the concentration of the drug distributed in the gastrointestinal tract or the effective drug concentration maintained is not high or the time is too short. Effectively and comprehensively inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, so as to reflect the due therapeutic effect of medication. The pharmacology of the drug is relatively clear. Amoxicillin has a relatively broad antibacterial spectrum against sensitive bacteria clinically. It has a relatively good effect on Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria that are common in animal and veterinary clinics. It is the beginning of this sentence "sensitive bacteria". In fact, amoxicillin is the most important thing for clinically effective medication! Because the veterinary diagnosis results of many livestock and poultry diseases show that the infection of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella is the most extensive and common. Unfortunately, however, amoxicillin currently has the highest rate of resistance to these Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, when amoxicillin is used to treat the above-mentioned Gram-negative bacterial infection diseases, it is usually difficult to receive better drug effects clinically. The most fundamental reason here is that amoxicillin is resistant to these Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, if any veterinary drug manufacturer's amoxicillin product is effective against the diseases caused by the above-mentioned Gram-negative bacteria, most of them have added other additional sensitive antibacterial or synergistic ingredients. Then, according to the statistical analysis data from the clinical monitoring of veterinary treatment, the more serious bacterial diseases such as pericarditis, perihepatitis, endocarditis and liver capsule caused by Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella , amoxicillin sulfate colistin sulfate soluble powder and apramycin sulfate soluble powder are combined into a prescription, which is used to treat the above-mentioned Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella hemolyticus, Proteus and other Gram-negative bacteria in chickens. Bacterial diseases can receive relatively ideal drug treatment effect clinically. In this prescription, although amoxicillin is broad-spectrum antibacterial and apramycin sulfate is also broad-spectrum anti-gram-negative bacteria, the medical scope of this prescription is still relatively narrow. It also only has a relatively good therapeutic effect on heart, liver and digestive tract diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, and its effect on respiratory diseases and genitourinary system infections caused by bacteria is not very prominent. This may be related to the change in the pharmacokinetic distribution in the body after amoxicillin sulfate colistin sulfate soluble powder and apramycin sulfate soluble powder are formulated into a prescription. Of course, this is the scope of research by scientists. For our vast number of veterinary drug users and farmers, as long as we ensure drug safety (animal safety and food safety), effectively and economically control animal diseases, and find out the reasons and The mystery is a matter for veterinary drug manufacturers and scientists. Farmers are more concerned about effectively controlling diseases and ensuring the health of animals, and not delaying their meat growth, egg production and milk production, because these directly affect the breeding efficiency and income. So, if the chicken has a respiratory disease, how to use amoxicillin sulfate colistin sulphate soluble powder for treatment? We have already used veterinary medicine in front of us. Every veterinary drug product is dead, it is like that when it is born, and everything in it is fixed. However, the various diseases that are occurring in the clinic are not fixed. They will also vary in thousands of ways due to different regions, farms, animal species, animal ages, and feeding and management conditions. How to deal with the ever-changing diseases with the same products? This requires group technology. Amoxicillin does not cure pericarditis and perihepatitis most of the time, but after combining amoxicillin sulfate colistin sulfate soluble powder and apramycin sulfate soluble powder together, this veterinary prescription is effective for a variety of Gram It is more effective in the treatment of pericarditis and perihepatitis caused by Klebsiella-negative bacteria. The reason is that apramycin sulfate solves the problem of drug resistance of amoxicillin, and amoxicillin promotes the absorption of colistin sulfate and apramycin sulfate, making this prescription suitable for Gram-negative bacteria. Treatment of systemic infectious diseases can be effective. As mentioned in the special article, amoxicillin sulfate colistin soluble powder combined with baicalin (baicalin extract) is very effective in the treatment of non-viral respiratory diseases that are popular in this season, and the clinical recurrence rate is low. The treatment is relatively thorough. Generally, it does not appear repeatedly, and eventually develops into air sacculitis. This is the active use of veterinary medicine. Every veterinary drug product is dead, it is like that when it is born, and everything in it is fixed. However, the various diseases that are occurring in the clinic are not fixed. They will also vary in thousands of ways due to different regions, farms, animal species, animal ages, and feeding and management conditions. How to deal with the ever-changing diseases with the same products? This requires group technology. Amoxicillin does not cure pericarditis and perihepatitis most of the time, but after combining amoxicillin sulfate colistin sulfate soluble powder and apramycin sulfate soluble powder together, this veterinary prescription is effective for a variety of Gram It is more effective in the treatment of pericarditis and perihepatitis caused by Klebsiella-negative bacteria. The reason is that apramycin sulfate solves the problem of drug resistance of amoxicillin, and amoxicillin promotes the absorption of colistin sulfate and apramycin sulfate, making this prescription suitable for Gram-negative bacteria. Treatment of systemic infectious diseases can be effective.
https://www.arshinepharma.com/?info/Amoxicillin-sulfate-colistin-soluble-powder.html

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1. Symptoms of chronic respiratory disease in chickens There are air bubbles in the eyes of sick chickens, and swelling of the upper and lower eyelids. At the beginning of the disease, young chickens make the sound of "spraying red and spraying red", with serous and mucous nasal fluid, coughing, sneezing, and respiratory rales. There may be cheese-like substances of different sizes in the eyes with a long course of disease, which may oppress the eyeball in severe cases. Cheese-like substances accumulate in the infraorbital sinus under the eyelids and protrude outward, like "goldfish eyes". Adult chickens are recessively infected, the egg production rate decreases, and the proportion of soft-shell eggs increases. Necropsy of sick dead chickens revealed secretions in the nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi, swelling of the mucous membranes, and off-white mucus on the surface of the mucous membranes. The walls of the air sacs are turbid, and there are plant-like dots on the air sacs. During the course of the disease, there are various yellow cheese substances under the thoracic air sacs or abdominal air sacs, and there are a lot of air bubbles between the intestinal tubes in the abdominal cavity.
   1. The symptoms of chicken infectious rhinitis show that the incubation period of the disease is short, 1-3 days for natural infection, and 16-48 hours for artificial infection through nasal cavity and sinuses. The main symptoms are rhinitis and sinusitis. The first is the discharge of serous fluid, which is especially prominent when feeding and encountering cold air. One or both sides of the sick chicken's face, infraorbital sinus, swelling, eyelid edema, purulent cheese accumulation in the corner of the eye, and foul smell Odor, mouth breathing often occurs, and with a grunting sound. Cut the middle part of the nose, there is a lot of nasal fluid and yellow exudate in the nasal cavity, and mucus flows out when it is lifted upside down. If the course of the disease is long, it can be seen that the nasal sinuses, infraorbital sinuses and conjunctiva accumulate cheese-like substances. Excessive accumulation often makes the eyes of sick chickens protrude outwards, causing eyeball atrophy and damage in severe cases, and eyes are blind. The follicles of laying hens are soft and easily broken, causing yolk peritonitis, and the egg production rate can drop by about 25%.
   2. Symptoms of chicken-borne throat-borne respiratory disease The typical symptoms of sick chickens are mouth stretching, "hemoptysis", elongated sound, strange cry, commonly known as "back and forth sound". Acute cases show obvious dyspnea, cough up bloody mucus hanging on the chicken coop or throwing on the ground. In chronic cases, the throat is blocked by light yellow cheese, and often dies of suffocation. The dead chicken was autopsyed, and the nasal cavity was severely congested, hemorrhaged, and there was a lot of nasal fluid. In acute cases, the throat and tracheal mucosa of chickens were festered and bleeding, with needle-like bleeding points, and there was a lot of bloody sputum in the trachea; in chronic cases, the throats or trachea of chickens were blocked by yellow-white cheese.
   3. Symptoms of chicken transmission Infectious bronchitis is divided into respiratory, renal, and reproductive types in terms of clinical symptoms. a. Respiratory: Sick chicks show dyspnea, try to stretch their necks, open their mouths to breathe, and can't make a sound. The mortality rate can reach 25%. Autopsy of dead chickens revealed serous or yellow-white cheese-like substances in the lower segment of the trachea and bronchi. b. Kidney type: There are slight respiratory symptoms, which can only be heard at night. The sick chickens huddle together and discharge white watery feces. The mortality rate of chicks is 10-30%. Autopsy of the dead chicken revealed that the kidneys were enlarged, light pink like peanuts, white urate particles could be seen on the surface of the kidneys, and the ureters were enlarged and white. c. Reproductive type: Adults do not lay eggs, walk like penguins, have more deformed eggs, and egg whites are as thin as water. The fallopian tube is dysplastic, short and occluded, and sometimes serous cysts of different sizes are formed in the enlarged part of the fallopian tube, which looks like a bladder and cannot produce eggs.
   4. Symptoms of chicken plague The typical symptoms of sick chickens are neck twisting, neck bending, turning in circles or looking up at the stars, straight forward or backward and other mental symptoms, dark red combs, and abnormal or strange sounds of "generlou". Green and thin feces are discharged, the crop is inflated, and the crop is filled with sour liquid and gas, and mucus is poured out of the mouth. The characteristic lesions of the dead chickens after necropsy were below the 1/2 of the descending part of the duodenum, 2-5 cm below the yolk pedicle, the corresponding parts of the two cecum and the ileum, and three lymphatic aggregation bubbles in the form of "jujube stones". "like" hemorrhagic ulcer; gastric content green, glandular stomach papilla bleeding, swelling, glandular stomach and gizzard junction bleeding; cecum tonsil swelling bleeding ulcer, rectal bleeding in spots or streaks; follicles deformed in a "cauliflower-like" shape, or The follicle ruptured, and there was a liquid yolk-like substance in the abdominal cavity; slight bleeding in the larynx, and needle-like bleeding in the heart and coronary fat.
   5. Symptoms of Avian Influenza The symptoms of low pathogenic avian influenza and highly pathogenic avian influenza are similar, but low pathogenic avian influenza usually has a mild onset and milder superficial symptoms. Affected chickens discharge yellow-white-green loose stools, black and purple crowns, dry necrosis at the edges, and edema on the face and beard. The typical symptoms of sick chickens are bleeding from the scales on the feet, and some sick chickens scream strangely, stretch their heads and necks upwards, and make roaring sounds. The egg production of laying hens decreased until it was completely produced, and the number of soft eggs, sandy eggs, and blood-spotted eggs increased. Autopsy of the sick dead chicken revealed that the breast muscles were purplish red or white like boiled meat, the base of the glandular stomach papilla was bleeding and covered with a layer of secretion that could not be scraped off, the junction of the glandular stomach and the gizzard was bleeding, and the horny layer of the gizzard was Easy to peel off. The pancreas is purplish red with transparent or dark red necrotic foci, which are characteristic lesions. Follicle congestion and bleeding, from golden yellow to bright red, fallopian tube congestion and edema, with a lot of sticky white secretion inside. The liver is enlarged and hemorrhages, with yellow stripes, crumbly like bean dregs. The kidneys are enlarged and show a mottled kidney. Coronary fatty hemorrhage, sometimes epicardial hemorrhage. Laryngeal and tracheal mucosal bleeding, tracheal ring bleeding, more bloody sputum.

https://www.arshinefeed.com/Knowledge/learn-these-6-points-to-easily-identify-chicken-respiratory-diseases

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Ubiquitous in feed and feed raw materials, it is a secondary metabolite produced by mold in feed and feed raw materials during the growth and development process, causing serious harm to animal husbandry production and human health. More than 300 mycotoxins have been isolated and identified so far. At present, the mycotoxins that are more common in feed and have serious effects on animals mainly include aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and vomitoxin. So what are the dangers of these toxins? 1 Aflatoxin is a toxic carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common and the most toxic. Aflatoxin has serious damage to animal livers and is highly toxic and carcinogenic. Moreover, it will inhibit the immune function of animals, reduce animal production performance, cause secondary infection and even death. 2. Ochratoxin (OTA) is a toxic compound mainly produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. It has nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. It mainly affects the liver and kidney of animals. May cause immunosuppression, tissue damage, a large amount of ochratoxin may cause intestinal mucosal inflammation and necrosis in animals. 3 Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, has estrogen-like effects and mainly acts on the reproductive system, causing hyperestrogenism in livestock and poultry, which can cause premature puberty, Ovarian atrophy, prolonged estrus cycle, persistent corpus luteum, false estrus, miscarriage, return to estrus, and other reproductive abnormalities; male animals showed feminization phenomena such as mammary gland enlargement, nipple enlargement, prepuce hydrops, and testicular atrophy. Consumption of feed containing zearalenone in pregnant animals can cause abortion, stillbirth and teratogenicity. 4 T-2 toxin is a trichothecene toxin compound produced by a variety of fungi, mainly Fusarium trilineum, which can act as a protein biosynthesis inhibitor, neurotoxin, immunosuppressive factor or nephrotoxin in animals. Effect, the body can cause acute and chronic symptoms after ingestion. Poisoned pigs showed symptoms such as food refusal, vomiting, lack of energy, staggering gait, inflammation and necrosis of the skin around the lips and nose, salivation, diarrhea and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Pigs with chronic poisoning are stunted in growth and development, accompanied by symptoms such as chronic dyspepsia and aplastic anemia. 5 Vomitoxin is a B-type trichothecene toxin produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium stalk. Pigs eat feed contaminated with vomitoxin, which can cause vomiting, teeth grinding, anxiety, and flow in pigs. Toxic reactions such as saliva and gastrointestinal bleeding lead to a significant decrease in pig food intake and severely inhibit its growth and development. Detoxification treatment At present, the methods of detoxification treatment of mycotoxins include: physical adsorption, biological detoxification, chemical detoxification, and application of mold removal agents, etc. Among them, composite mold removal and use of mold removal agents are widely used, and most of them are currently related to Antioxidants are used together. Protective effects So what are the protective effects of antioxidants on animals? Vitamins with antioxidant activity are currently the most studied for detoxification, such as vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, carotene, etc. Among them, VE has strong antioxidant activity and the detoxification effect is more obvious. In vitro studies have shown that adding antioxidants (β-carotene, ascorbic acid, selenium, vitamin E, etc.) to the diet can effectively reduce the effect of AFB1 on liver cancer in rats (Nyandieka et al., 1990); Inhibit the damage effect of AFB1 on rat liver DNA (Gradelet et al., 1998); β-carotene and zebra yellow can inhibit the effect of AFB1 on broiler growth (Okotie et al., 1997); vitamin C can reduce the effect of AFB1 on guinea pigs ( Netke et al., 1997). Vitamins not only inhibit the toxic effect of aflatoxins, but also have significant inhibitory effects on other common toxins. Grosse et al. (1997) reported that retinol, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol significantly reduced the production of OTA and ZEN DNA adducts in mouse liver and kidney. Atroshi et al. (1995) also pointed out that selenium, vitamin E, and vitamin C can be used as antioxidants to protect the spleen and brain cell membranes from the damage of T-2 toxin and DON; vitamin E, selenium and other oxidants can inhibit the effect of FB1 on rat liver, Damage to spleen DNA (Atroshi et al., 1999). In addition, in vitro studies on chicken hepatocytes have shown that lutein and lycopene can effectively reduce the toxicity of T-2 toxins to chicken hepatocytes (Leal et al., 1998); in vivo tests on broiler chickens also show that lycopene can reduce the toxicity of T-2 toxins. Lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione reductase activity (Leal et al., 1999). Summary For the mycotoxins in the feed, the application of the method of compound mold removal can greatly reduce the harm of mycotoxins to animals and humans. Only by comprehensively considering the combined effect of mycotoxins and the toxic mechanism of mycotoxins can effective detoxification be carried out.
https://www.arshinefeed.com/Knowledge/the-harm-of-mycotoxin-in-feed-and-the-protective-effect-of-antioxidants-on-animals

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Hair loss is one of the most common problems we face today. What is also common is our lack of knowledge about the wonderful and simple ways through which we can treat the condition. Hair loss is common in both men and women.
You may see more hair than usual in your brush for several reasons. Vitamin deficiencies, thyroid problems and menopause are the culprits of hair loss…
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